Bulgaria is situated in south eastern Europe, in the eastern part of the Balkan peninsula. Its neighbouring countries are Romania (north), Former Republic of Yugoslavia (west), Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (south west), Greece (south) and Turkey (south east).The Black Sea is situated to the East of Bulgaria and enables direct sea links with the Russian Federation, Ukraine and Georgia. Bulgaria's location gives it strategic control over key land routes from Europe to the Middle East and Asia.

Its total area is 110,910 sq km, with 1,808 km of land boundaries, and 354 km of coastline. The terrain is comprised of mountains, with lowlands in the north and southeast, and the climate is temperate, with cold, damp winters and hot, dry summers.